Commensal bacteria, particularly in the gut, are immensely beneficial to host health via influence of nutrient uptake, food metabolism, energy homeostasis, pathogen colonization resistance, epithelial barrier integrity, and the host immunological response ( Shreiner et al., 2015).
The human microbiome has entered into the forefront of scientific research, with growing importance for both the medical and research communities, although knowledge of its existence stems back decades ( Eckburg et al., 2005).
Herein, we provide an overview of recent advances in gut mycobiome research and discuss the plausible role of both intestinal and non-intestinal fungi in the context of neuroimmune and neurodegenerative conditions. Given the widely accepted bacteria-fungi associations and paucity of mycobiota-specific studies in neurological disease, this review discusses the potential role fungi may play in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Gut microbiota dysbiosis (specifically bacteria and archaea) have been reported in neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's, among others. While research of the gut mycobiota in health and disease is on the rise, little research has been performed in the context of neuroimmune and neurodegenerative conditions. In addition, it is now widely accepted that host-fungi and bacteria-fungi associations are critical to host health. Evaluation of the gut mycobiota has shown that not only are the fungal communities altered in disease, but they also play a role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and influencing systemic immunity. Recent insights however, have suggested that the gut mycobiota may be intricately linked to health and disease. Though omnipresent, the number and abundance of fungi occupying the human gut is orders of magnitude smaller than that of bacteria. Study of the gut “mycobiota,” which refers to the diverse array of fungal species, is a relatively new and rapidly progressing field. Most research to date has largely focused on elucidating the bacterial component of the human gut microbiota. High-throughput sequencing and computational advancements provide unprecedented ability to investigate the structure and function of microbial communities associated with the human body in health and disease. The human gastrointestinal tract is host to immense populations of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, archaea, and fungi (the gut microbiota). The human microbiome has received decades of attention from scientific and medical research communities. 5Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.4Centre for Brain Health and Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
3National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.2IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.Bernstein 1,2, Helen Tremlett 4, Gary Van Domselaar 3,5 and Natalie C.
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